Please read the whole post before trying anything, there are no guarantees about doing this, you do so at your own risk, with that in mind it would help if you:
Would you post the results using terminal as user using a live-cd
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fdisk -l
and
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df
your /boot/grub/menu.lst (thats and L, lowercase)
your /boot/grub/device.map
In answer to your question about checking the drive, e2fsck is the command to use manually . It is to be noted that it should not be run on a mounted drive.
The proper way to check the disk is using a live-cd, if you use antiX 8.5 Live-cd, then you can repair and do a badblock test without using the cli. You would boot the livecd, then:
Open the Control Center (two wrenches on taskbar),
click on System Tab
click on Configure System
input the root password (root)
When the Mepis System Applet opens click on Repair Partition
Choose the correct disk
Choose the correct Partition
check the Bad Blocks
then hit apply.
If you prefer the cli:
As root in terminal You would have to unmount the drive you want to check, then run e2fsck, like so if your hdd is sda1, that can be ascertained from the info you posted when you ran the fdisk -l (that's an L, lowercase)
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unmount /dev/sda1
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e2fsck /dev/sda1
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e2fsck -c-p /dev/sda1
The -p Automatically repair ("preen") the file system. This option will cause e2fsck to automatically fix any filesystem problems that can be safely fixed without human intervention.
If you would feel more comfortable reading before doing anything, which I would encourage, then take a look at:
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cheers,
ohh